In the Indian and Pacific basins, however, some water from the Agulhas Current (AC) and East Australian Current (EAC) leak from the subtropical gyres, escaping westward south of Africa (AC extension) and Australia (Tasman Leakage), respectively. To conserve potential vorticity this flow is largely compensated by intense, poleward WBCs forming partially closed subtropical gyres. In the subtropics, north-south surface wind gradients, associated with climatological high-pressure systems, drive an equatorward Sverdrup transport in the ocean interior 7. The large-scale upper-ocean circulation is primarily driven by surface winds. Equatorward flowing WBCs at low latitudes play an important role in tropical circulation, facilitating cross-equatorial and inter-basin connectivity. Their poleward extensions form high-variability regions where the WBCs often leave the coast. Subtropical WBCs form the poleward flanks of the subtropical gyres. Particularly important for heat transport, air-sea interactions and marine ecosystems are the energetic Western Boundary Currents (WBCs) narrow (~100–200 km), intense (~1 m/s) jets in the upper several hundred meters off the continental shelves in the western basins. eggs, larvae), influencing the distribution of marine species 6. Surface ocean currents play a crucial role in the redistribution of heat 2, pollutants 3, plastics 4, biogeochemical tracers 5 and species dispersal-particularly during passive early-life stages (e.g. An often underappreciated aspect of climate change relates to upper ocean circulation. In moving to the latest model generation, despite structural model advancements, we find little systematic improvement in the simulation of ocean transports nor major differences in the projected changes.Īnthropogenic climate change manifests as increases in surface temperature and sea level, rainfall distribution changes and increasing frequency and intensity of certain extreme events 1. Intermodel differences in most future circulation changes can be explained in part by projected changes in the large-scale surface winds. For example, the East Australian Current, Brazil Current and Agulhas Current extensions are projected to intensify, while the Gulf Stream, Indonesian Throughflow and Agulhas Current are projected to weaken. Despite considerable differences in model structure, resolution and parameterisations, many currents show highly consistent projected changes across the models. Despite their coarse resolution, climate models successfully reproduce most large-scale circulation features with ensemble mean transports typically within the range of observational uncertainty, although there is often a large spread across the models and some currents are systematically too strong or weak. Using state-of-the-art climate models from the latest and previous Climate Model Intercomparison Projects, we evaluate upper ocean circulation and examine future projections, focusing on subtropical and low-latitude WBCs. They can affect regional climate and strongly influence the dispersion and distribution of marine species. Medical acupuncture/laser acupuncture for a variety of conditions.Western Boundary Currents (WBCs) are important for the oceanic transport of heat, dissolved gases and nutrients.Bulk Billing are still availabe for pensioners/DVA cardholders. From 1st of November 2022 onwards, we have to change to mix-billing practice due to rising cost, so a $30 GAP FEE will apply for all non-concessional Medicare card-holders (immunisation or specified appointment types excluded). Walk-in counsultation may incur out-of-pocket fee. We appreciate all patients could book appointments in advance via telephone or Healthengine. The clinic is a brand-new artistic building with spacious consulting rooms, comfortable waiting area, kids playing area and big wheelchair accessible toilet. We rely on your trust and we do our utmost best for your family health. We offer the high-quality healthcare in a friendly and efficient manner. We are a modern GP clinic located in Melbourne's southeast.
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